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• 1. INTERNATIONALDesignation: D 638 - 02aStandard Test Method forTensile Properties of PlasticsThs standard is issued under the fixed designation D 638; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (E) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope *1.1 This test method covers the determination of the tensileproperties of unreinforced and reinforced plastics in the formof standard dumbbell-shaped test specimens when tested underdefined conditions of pretreatment, temperature, humidity, andtesting machine speed.1.2 This test method can be used for testing materials of anythickness up to 14 mm (0.55 in.). However, for testingspecimens in the form of thn sheeting, including film less than1.0 mm (0.04 in.) in thickness, Test Methods D 882 is thepreferred test method. Materials with a thickness greater than14 mm (0.55 in.) must be reduced by machining.1.3 This test method includes the option of determningPoisson s ratio at room temperature.NOTE I-This test method and ISO 527- 1 are tech;.cally equivalent.NOTE 2-This test method is not intended to cover precise physicalprocedures. It is recognized that the constant rate of crosshead movementtype of test leaves much to be desired from a theoretical standpoint, thatwide differences may exist between rate of crosshead movement and rateof strain between gage marks on the specimen, and that the testing speedsspecified disguise important effects characteristic of materials in theplastic state. Furter, it is realized that varations in the thicknesses of testspecimens, which are permtted by these procedures, produce varations inthe surface-volume ratios of such specimens, and that these varations mayinfluence the test results. Hence, where directly comparable results aredesired, all samples should be of equal thckness. Special additional testsshould be used where more precise physical data are needed.NOTE 3- This test method may be used for testing phenolic moldedresin or lamnated materials. However, where these materials are used aselectrcal insulation, such materials should be tested in accordance withTest Methods D 229 and Test Method D 651.NOTE 4-For tensile properties of resin-matrx composites reinforcedwith oriented continuous or discontinuous high modulus 20-GPa0 X 10 psi) fibers, tests shall be made in accordance with TestMethod D 3039/D 3039M.1.4 Test data obtained by this test method are relevant andappropriate for use in engineering design.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The values given in parentheses are for informationonly.1 This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Commttee D20 on Plasticsand is the direct responsibilty of Subcommttee D20. 1O on Mechancal Propertes.Current edition approved November 10, 2002. Published Januar 2003. Origi-nally approved in 1941. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as D 638 - 02.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents1 ASTM Standards:D 229 Test Methods for Rigid Sheet and Plate MaterialsUsed for Electrical InsulationD 412 Test Methods for Vulcanized Rubber and Thermo-plastic Elastomers- TensionD 618 Practice for Conditioning Plastics for TestingD 651 Test Method for Tensile Strength of Molded Electri-cal Insulating MaterialsD 882 Test Methods for Tensile Properties of Thin PlasticSheetingD 883 Terminology Relating to PlasticsD 1822 Test Method for Tensile-Impact Energy to BreakPlastics and Electrical Insulating MaterialsD 3039/D 3039M Test Method for Tensile Properties ofPolymer Matrix Composite MaterialsD 4000 Classification System for Specifying Plastic Mate-rials 7D 4066 Classification System for Nylon Injection and Ex-trusion Materials 7D 5947 Test Methods for Physical Dimensions of SolidPlastic SpecimensE 4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing MachinesE 83 Practice for Verification and Classification of Exten-someterE 132 Test Method for Poisson s Ratio at Room Tempera-tureE 691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study toAnnual Book of ASTM Standards Vol 10.01.Annual Book of ASTM Standards Vol 09.01.4 Annual Book of ASTM Standards Vol 08.01.5 Discontinued; see 1994 Annual Book of ASTM Standards Vol 10.01.Annual Book of ASTM Standards Vol 15.03.Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 08.02.Annual Book of ASTM Standards Vol 08.03.9 Annual Book of ASTM Standards Vol 03.01.* A Sumary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International , 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
• 2. if thetheopro-Jlica-rials:rmo-ctri -lasticIreak:s of1ate-Ex-)olid(ten-)era -ly too D638- 02aDeterme the Precision of a Test MethodISO Standard:ISO 527-1 Determation of Tensile Propertesi Termnology1 Definitions-Definitions of terms applying to ths testmethod appear in TermnologyD 883 and Anex A2.4. Signcance and Use1 Ths test method is designed to produce tensile propertydata for the control and specification of plastic materials. Thesedata are also useful for qualitative characterization and forresearch and development. For many materials, there may be aspecification that requires the use of ths test method, but withsome procedural modifications that take precedence whenadhering to the specification. Therefore,. it is advisable to referto that material specification before using ths test method.Table 1 in Classification D 4000 lists the ASTM materialsstadards. that curently exist.2 Tensile properties may var with specimen preparationand with speed and environment of testing. Consequently,where precise comparative results are desired, these factorsmust be carefully controlled.4.2. 1 It is realzed that a material canot be tested withoutalso testing the method of preparation of that material. Hence,when comparative tests of materials per se are desired, thegreatest care must be exercised to ensure that al samples areprepared in exactly the same way, unless the test is to includethe effects of sample preparation. Similarly, for referee pur-poses or comparsons withn any given series of specimens,care must be taken to secure the maxmum degree of unior-mity in details of preparation, treatment, and handlg.4.3 Tensile propertes may provide useful data for plasticsengineering design puroses. Bowever, because of the highdegree of sensitivity e bitedby many plastics to rate ofstraining and environme tal conditions, data obtained by thstest method canot be considered valid for applications involv-ing load-time scales or environments widely different fromthose of ths test method. In cases of such dissimilarty,reliable estiation of the limit of usefulness can be made formost plastics. Ths sensitivity to rate of straining and environ-ment necessitates testig over a broad load-time scale (includ-ing impact and creep) and range of environmental conditionstensile properties are to suffce for engineering design pur-poses.NOT 5-Since the existence of a tre elastic limit in plastics (as inmany other organc materials and in many metas) is debatable, thepropriety of applying the term "elastic modulus" in its quoted, generalyaccepted definition to describe the "stiess" or "rigidity" of a plastic hasbeen seriously questioned. The exact stress-strain characteristics of plasticmaterials are highly dependent on such factors as rate of application ofstress, temperatue, previous history of specimen, etc. However, stress-strai cures for plastics,. determed as described in ths test methodalmost always show a liear region at low stresses, and a straight linedrawn tangent to this porton of the cure permts calculation of an elastic10Annual Book of ASTM Standrds Vol 14.02.11Avaiable from American National Stadards Institute, 25 W. 43rdSt., 4thFloor, New York, NY 10036.modulus of the usualy defined type. Such a constant is useful if itsarbitrar nature and dependence on time, temperatue, and simlar factorsare realized.4.4 Poisson s Ratio-When uniaxial tensile force is appliedto a solid, the solid stretches in the direction of the appliedforce (axially), but it also contracts in both diensions lateralto the applied force. If the solid is homogeneous and isotropicand the material remains elastic under the action of the appliedforce, the lateral strain bears a constant relationship to the axialstrain. Ths constant, called Poisson s ratio, is defined as thenegative ratio of the transverse (negative) to axial strain underuniaxial stress.4.4. 1 Poisson s ratio is used for the design of strctues inwhich all dimensional changes resulting from the applicationof force need to be taken into account and in the application ofthe generalized theory of elasticity to strctual analysis.NOTE 6-The accuracy of the determnation of Poisson s ratio isusually limited by the accuracy of the transverse strain measurementsbecause the percentage errors in these measurements are usualy greaterthan in the axal strain measurements. Since a ratio rather than an absolutequantity is measured, it is only necessar to know accurately the relativevalue of the calbration factors of the extensometers, Also, in general, thevalue of the applied loads need not be known accurately.5. Apparatus1 Testing Machine- testig machine of the constat-rate-of-crosshead-movement type and comprising essentialythe following:1.1 Fixed Member- fixed or essentially

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